Hydrilla is an invasive weed in the United States and many areas of the world. It is thought to be native to somewhere near India but it now has a circumglobal distribution.
This plant normally has leaves in whorls of 5. It also has serrations or small spines on the midrib. When fresh the plant has a slight reddish tint. Hydrilla is considered the most problematic aquatic plant in the United States. Part of the reason for this is because of its fast growth and its ability to regenerate from tubers and fragments.
Hydrilla has been recorded in drain ages from over 18 states. This data from September of 2003 shows considerable coverage in southern states such as Texas, Louisiana, and Florida. Some areas have had success eradicating the weed, but it still remains a big problem.
Biocontrol efforts have been extremely successful due to the introduction of a small fly native to Pakistan. This fly, which is believed to be one of the native predators of Hydrilla, is allowing native populations to compete with this invader.
The larvae of the fly bore through the plant, which decreases the growth and health of Hydrilla. This is just enough to allow native plants to compete in watersheds. One place it has been very successful is in the Rio Grande in southern Texas.
Rob Nelson: "For three years I worked at an aquatic plant research facility in North Texas (LAERF [1]). I worked as a researcher, trying to help understand both how native systems are effected by invasive plants and how to control the spread of these invaders. Probably the worst aquatic plant we had to deal with was Hydrilla. Hydrilla can withstand a drawdown (no water in a pond) for several years, it can withstand intense heat, and its impossible to get rid of by mechanical extraction alone. We tried chemical means, which unfortunately kill the natives as well. We finally tried to examine biocontrol as a viable option to reduce plant stock."
"For several years, different controlled, and isolated experiments on Hydrilla were conducted with an introduced fly from Pakistan. This fly had larvae the drilled into the hydrilla stems and essentially caused the entire plant to be so severely disabled that it could no longer compete with natives species."
"Today the research that has been done through the Army Corp of Engineers in Lewisville and in Vicksburg Mississippi has concluded that there is no danger to native populations, and because of that the fly has been introduced to several lakes and rivers. One of the best examples of this is the infestation of the Rio Grande River, which has now been successfully controlled.
Links to more information
For more information on this plant or management please contact the US Army Corp of Engineers [5]
Links:
[1] http://www.laerf.org
[2] http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/hydrilla.html
[3] http://www.wapms.org/plants/hydrilla.html
[4] http://invasivespecies.gov/profiles/hydrilla.shtml
[5] http://www.untamedscience.com/Crew/ArmyCorp.htm